Gene-swaps to allow species of influenza jump
Flu viruses like bird flu can mix and match their genomes, and it has a role in at least three of the final flu pandemics
Avian Influenza, a virus of Orthomyxoviridae family. The flu virus causes a contagious and contagious respiratory disease, and often results in a pandemic and / or small epidemic.
James Cavallini / Sency Supsion
Flu viruses are changed entities. They gathered in minor genetic changes in constant, which should each year update to Flu vaccine Because the first year round may not be as next year. But they can also make a sudden jump by reaching major genetic changes that can allow them to jump from a type of animal to another or people.
A seemingly good and fun manner for viruses so these jumps is buying genetic material with other straps strains. Called to verbally, this exchange occurs when a person or animal is infected with two-class flu virus at the same time. While ripping inside the host cell, the Viruses The pieces of each of the genetic code can worsen and exclude them in their own sequence gene.
The commitment is fewer than small mutations that change the year flu year, but it is important: at least three in the past four Pandemics in man of man involving appreciation.
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“Thanksgiving has a major role in emerging with the flu,” said Daniel Perez at the University of Georgia College in Veterinary Medicine, who studied how the flu was acting between the species.
The past century saw four flu pandemics. The first is the Famous 1918 Great Influenzakilling about 50 million people. The second is in 1957, if a new flu is killed between a million and four million people around the world. In 1968 another new flu emerged, killed another million to four million people. Finally, in 2009, a swine flu novel appeared, killing between 151,000 and 575,000 people of that year.
Flu viruses are classified into two types of proteins on their surfaces, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). These proteins each have many subtypes, which is why you can see labels like H1N1 or H5N1. H refers to type of protein in HA, and A referring to the type of protein. The Great Influenza flooded throughout the world during World War I was an H1N1 flu that has probably emerged Kansas. Its generations surround humans and pigs until 1957, if it is suddenly replaced by people by an H2N2 flu. This new virus firstly flown in southern China. The main genetic genetic in 1918 flu, Perez said, but it gets three gene ranges from an avian fluzs, turning off avian proteins. For reasons not fully understood, this new H2N2 wipes H1N1 to people in decades – H1N1 is no longer visible to people until 1977.
1968 pandemic is still a reaction activity. At this time, H2N2 expands people who buy genes with a H3N2 avian influenza, perhaps in a place in China. (The first known outbreak is in Hong Kong.)
Then came the 2009 PandemiaA true “globalized pandemic,” says Perez. In early 2000s there were some human human infections called triple-jours flu viruses with genes from human people from man, influenzas. These cases and most people work on pig farms; These viruses are not sent from human person. That’s changed in 2009 when triple-justors viruses take new gene from a Eurasian swine flu. “It is a perfect example of globalization,” says Perez, “because the virus contains not only gene parts from a person’s flu but from different geographic locations.”
The reassurance of flu viruses harmful to different species that are very good that occurred in constant, as Charlotte Kristensena postdoctoral researcher at the Collinary Clinical Microbiology at the University of Copenhagen. “It should be that two different viruses are information on the same host cell, and thanksgiving should be successful. And it’s not always like the gene matches,” he said.
Such thanks occur all the time between avian flu strains that damage birds, as Yuan LiangAlso a University of Copenhagen Veterinary Clinical Microbiology Postdoctoral Resipleral. “Especially since 2020, there are many new variants who emerge because of the commitments” of birds, Liang said.
The variety H5N1 straps now rounding wild birdsDomestic and dairy cows are causes a pandemic of people. It’s hard to say whether the virus stays most animals or when we are now at a time to flu in the sequences that man gets. No H5N1 expects to hold dairy cowsLiang said, so the question now is the new, unexpected step this can be a virus.
“This whole situation promotes how little we know and how complicated it is,” Kristensen said.
